Makedoniyalı İsgəndər, Qədim YunanıstanınMakedoniya çarlığının hökmdarı (Basilevs) və Argeadlar sülaləsinin nümayəndəsi oldu. Eramızdan əvvəl 356-cı ildə Pellada doğulan İsgəndər atası Makedoniyalı II Filipdən ölümündən sonra 20 yaşında taxta çıxdı. O, 30 yaşına qədər qədim dünyanın ən böyük imperiyalarından birini (YunanıstandanMisirə və Şimal-qərbi Hindistana qədər) yaradana qədər hakimiyyətinin çox hissəsini Asiya və Şimal-şərqi Afrika boyunca hərbi kampaniyalarda keçirdi. O, döyüşdə məğlub edilməz idi və tarixdəki ən müvəffəqiyyətli hərbi komandanlardan biri hesab edilir.
"Dünyanın sonuna və Böyük Xarici Dənizə" çatmaq istəyən İsgəndərE.ə. 326-cı ildə Hindistanı işğal eddi, ancaq ordusunun tələbi onu geri qayıtmağa məcbur eddi. İsgəndərE.ə. 323-cü ildə paytaxt etmək istədiyi Babil şəhərində bəlkə də Ərəbistanın işğalı ilə başlayacaq hərbi yürüşlərini həyata keçirə bilmədən öldü. Onun ölümündən sonrakı illərdə bir çox vətəndaş müharibələri onun imperiyasını parçaladı və İsgəndərin generalları və varisləri — Diadoxinin idarə etdiyi dövlətlər yarandı.
İsgəndərin mirasına işğallarının səbəb olduğu yunan-buddist kimi mədəni diffuziyalar daxildir. O, İsgəndəriyyə də daxil olmaqla öz adını daşıyan təqribən iyirmi şəhərin əsasını qoydu. İsgəndərin yunan mühacirlərini məskunlaşdırması və şərqdə Yunanıstan mədəniyyətinin yayılması yeni ellinizm sivilizasiyasının yaranmasına səbəb oldu və bu sivilizasiyanın xüsusiyyətləri XV əsrin ortalarında Bizans imperiyasının ənənələrində və 1920-ci illərə qədər mərkəzi və uzaq şərqi Anatoliyada yunanca danışanların olmasında görülür. İsgəndərAxilles kimi klassik qəhrəman oldu və o, tarixdə və yunan və qeyri-yunan mədəniyyətlərinin əfsanələrində xarakterizə olundu. İsgəndər hərbi liderlərin özünü müqayisə etdiyi ölçü vasitəsi oldu və dünyanın bir çox yerində hərbi akademiyalar hələ də onun hərbi taktikalarını öyrədir. İsgəndər tez-tez müəllimi Aristotel ilə yanaşı olaraq bütün dövrlərin ən çox təsir gücünə malik şəxsləri arasında sıralanır.
Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and Peter Turchin (2006). (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. University of Connecticut. 12 (no. 2): 219–229. 2007-02-22 tarixində orijinalından (PDF) arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2014-06-13.
Social Science Research Vol. 7, 180-196 (1978).
- Alexander the Great: "Youths of the Pellaians and of the Macedonians and of the Hellenic Amphictiony and of the Lakedaimonians and of the Corinthians… and of all the Hellenic peoples, join your fellow-soldiers and entrust yourselves to me, so that we can move against the barbarians and liberate ourselves from the Persian bondage, for as Greeks we should not be slaves to barbarians." Pseudo-Kallisthenes, Historia Alexandri Magni, 1.15.1–4 - Alexander the Great: "Now you fear punishment and beg for your lives, so I will let you free, if not for any other reason so that you can see the difference between a Greek king and a barbarian tyrant, so do not expect to suffer any harm from me. A king does not kill messengers." Historia Alexandri Magni of Pseudo-Kallisthenes, 1.37.9–13 - Alexander the Great addressing his troops prior to the Battle of Issus: "There are Greek troops, to be sure, in Persian service — but how different is their cause from ours! They will be fighting for pay — and not much of at that; we, on the contrary, shall fight for Greece, and our hearts will be in it." Anabasis Alexandri by Roman historian Arrian, Book II, 7 - Alexander's letter to Persian king Darius in response to a truce plea: "Your ancestors came to Macedonia and the rest of Hellas (Greece) and did us great harm, though we had done them no prior injury. I have been appointed leader of the Greeks, and wanting to punish the Persians I have come to Asia, which I took from you." Anabasis Alexandri by Arrian; translated as Anabasis of Alexander by P. A. Brunt, for the "Loeb Edition" Book II 14, 4 - Alexander the Great: "If it were not my purpose to combine barbarian things with things Hellenic (Greek), to traverse and civilize every continent, to search out the uttermost parts of land and sea, to push the bounds of Macedonia to the farthest Ocean, and to disseminate and shower the blessings of the Hellenic justice and peace over every nation, I should not be content to sit quietly in the luxury of idle power, but I should emulate the frugality of Diogenes. But as things are, forgive me Diogenes, that I imitate Herakles, and emulate Perseus, and follow in the footsteps of Dionysos, the divine author and progenitor of my family, and desire that victorious Hellenes should dance again in India and revive the memory of the Bacchic revels among the savage mountain tribes beyond the Kaukasos."[ölü keçid]On the Fortune of Alexander by Plutarch, 332 a-b - Alexander addressing the dead Hellenes (the Athenian and Thebean Greeks) of the Battle of Chaeronea: "Holy shadows of the dead, I'm not to blame for your cruel and bitter fate, but the accursed rivalry which brought sister nations and brother people, to fight one another. I do not feel happy for this victory of mine. On the contrary, I would be glad, brothers, if I had all of you standing here next to me, since we are united by the same language, the same blood and the same visions." Historiae Alexandri Magni by Quintus Curtius Rufus - Alexander I of Macedon, ancestor of Alexander the Great, member of the Argead dynasty: "Tell your king (Xerxes), who sent you, how his Greek viceroy of Macedonia has received you hospitably." Herodotus, Histories, 5.20.4, Loeb - Alexander I of Macedon, ancestor of Alexander the Great, member of the Argead dynasty, when he was admitted to the Olympic games: "Men of Athens… In truth I would not tell it to you if I did not care so much for all Hellas; I myself am by ancient descent a Greek, and I would not willingly see Hellas change her freedom for slavery. I tell you, then, that Mardonius and his army cannot get omens to his liking from the sacrifices. Otherwise you would have fought long before this. Now, however, it is his purpose to pay no heed to the sacrifices, and to attack at the first glimmer of dawn, for he fears, as I surmise, that your numbers will become still greater. Therefore, I urge you to prepare, and if (as may be) Mardonius should delay and not attack, wait patiently where you are; for he has but a few days' provisions left. If, however, this war ends as you wish, then must you take thought how to save me too from slavery, who have done so desperate a deed as this for the sake of Hellas in my desire to declare to you Mardonius' intent so that the barbarians may not attack you suddenly before you yet expect them. I who speak am Alexander the Macedonian." Herodotus, Histories, 9.45 (ed. A. D. Godley) - Ian Worthington, English historian and archaeologist: "Not much need to be said about the Greekness of ancient Macedonia: it is undeniable." Ian Worthington, Philip II of Macedonia, Yale University Press, 2008 - Ulrich Wilcken: "When we take into account the political conditions, religion and morals of the Macedonians, our conviction is strengthened that they were a Greek race and akin to the Dorians. Having stayed behind in the extreme north, they were unable to participate in the progressive civilization of the tribes which went further south." Ulrich Wilcken, Alexander the Great, p. 22 - Strabo: "And Macedonia, of course, is a part of Greece." Strabo. VII, Frg. 9 (Loeb, H.L. Jones) - Herodotus: "Now that these descendants of Perdiccas (Perdiccas I of Macedon, King of Macedonia from about 700 BCE to about 678 BCE) are Greeks, as they themselves say, I myself chance to know and will prove it in the later part of my history." Herodotus, Book 5, Ch. 22, 1 (Loeb) Josephus 11.8.5 - Arrian: "There a man appeared to them wearing a Greek cloak and dressed otherwise in the Greek fashion, and speaking Greek also. Those Macedonians who first sighted him said that they burst into teers, so strange did it seem after all these miseries to see a Greek, and to hear Greek spoken." Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri: Book VIII (Indica) - Titus Livius: "The Aitolians, the Akarnanians, the Macedonians, men of the same speech, are united or disunited by trivial causes that arise from time to time; with aliens, with barbarians, all Greeks wage and will wage eternal war; for they are enemies by the will of nature, which is eternal, and not from reasons that change from day to day." Titus Livius, Liber XXXI, 29, 15 - David H. Levinson: "It should be noted that there is no connection between the Macedonians of the time of Alexander the Great who were related to other Hellenic tribes and the Macedonians of today, who are of Slavic Origin and related to the Bulgarians." Encyclopedia of World Cultures (1991), by David H. Levinson, page 239. - Nicholas Hammond: "Philip was born a Greek of the most aristocratic, indeed of divine, descent… Philip was both a Greek and a Macedonian, even as Demosthenes was a Greek and an Athenian… The Macedonians over whom Philip was to rule were an outlying family member of the Greek-speaking peoples." Nicholas Hummond, Philip of Macedon, Duckworth Publishing, 1998 - Nicholas Hammond: "All in all, the language of the Macedones was a distinct and particular form of Greek, resistant to outside influnces and conservative in pronunciation. It remained so until the fourth century when it was almost totally submerged by the flood tide of standardized Greek." Nicholas Hummond, A History of Macedonia Vol ii, 550–336 BC - Nicholas Hammond: "As members of the Greek race and speakers of the Greek language, the Macedonians shared in the ability to initiate ideas and create political forms." Nicholas Hummond, The Miracle that was Macedonia, 1992, p. 206 — M. Opperman, The Oxford Classical Dictionary 3rd ed. (1996) — Macedonia, Cults, page 905: "Nowadays historians generally agree that the Macedonian ethnos form part of the Greek ethnos; hence they also shared in the common religious and cultural features of the Hellenic world" - Robin Lane Fox: 1) "Alexander was still the Greek avenger of Persian sacrilege who told his troops, it was said 'that Persepolis was the most hateful city in the world'. On the road there, he met with the families of Greeks who had deported to Persia by previous kings, and true to his slogan, he honoured them conspicuously, giving them money, five changes of clothing, farm animals, corn, a free passage home, and exemption from taxes and bureaucratic harassments." p. 256,2) "To his ancestors (to a Persian's ancestors) Macedonians were only known as 'yona takabara', the 'Greeks who wear shields on their heads', an allusion to their broad-brimmed hats." p. 104,3) "Alexander was not the first Greek to be honoured as a god for political favour." p. 131,4) "In spirit, Alexander made a gesture to the Lydians' sensitivities, though his Greek crusade owed them nothing as they were not Greeks." p. 128. Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great, Penguin Books, UK, 1997 - Katheryn A. Bard: "The Macedonians were originally one of several Greek tribes living on the northern frontier of the Hellenic world." Katheryn A. Bard, Encyclopaedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Taylor & Francis, 1999, p. 460. - Benjamin Ide Wheeler: "That the Macedonians were Greek by race there can be no longer any doubt. They were the northernmost fragments of the race left stranded behind the barriers." Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Alexander the Great: The Merging of East and West in Universal History, Elibron Classics, 2011
makedoniya, çarlığı, məqalə, haqqındadır, digər, mənalar, üçün, üçün, makedoniya, dəqiqləşdirmə, səhifəsinə, baxın, makedoniya, imperiyası, Μακεδονία, balkan, yarımadasında, qədim, yunan, dövlət, Μακεδονίαmakedoniya, imperiyasıe, 146bayrağıvergina, günəşimaked. Bu meqale Makedoniya carligi haqqindadir Diger menalar ucun ucun Makedoniya deqiqlesdirme sehifesine baxin Makedoniya Imperiyasi Yun Makedonia Balkan yarimadasinda qedim yunan dovlet MakedoniaMakedoniya ImperiyasiE e 808 E e 146BayragiVergina gunesiMakedoniyali Isgenderin zamaninda imperiyanin ehate etdiyi eraziStatusuKralliqPaytaxtiAigaiResmi dilleriYunan diliDiniPoliteizmIdareetme formasiMonarxiyaTarixi YaranmasiE e 808 SuqutuE e 146Erazisi Umumi5 200 000 km E e 323 cu il 1 2 ValyutasiTetradrahmaSelefi XelefiYunan qaranliq cagiEhemeniler dovleti Makedoniya Roma eyaleti Selevkiler imperiyasiIndi terkibindeSimali Makedoniya Simali Makedoniya Yunanistan Yunanistan Monteneqro Monteneqro Kosovo Kosovo Serbiya Serbiya Ruminiya Ruminiya Ukrayna Ukrayna Turkiye Turkiye Azerbaycan Azerbaycan Ermenistan Ermenistan Livan Livan Israil Israil Felestin Felestin Suriya Suriya Iraq Iraq Iran Iran Misir Misir Liviya Liviya Iordaniya Iordaniya Kuveyt Kuveyt Pakistan Pakistan Hindistan Hindistan Efqanistan Efqanistan CXR CXR Tacikistan Tacikistan Qirgizistan Qirgizistan Qazaxistan Qazaxistan Ozbekistan Ozbekistan Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Mundericat 1 Tarix 2 Imperiya 3 Imperiya Dovrundeki Hakimler e e 336 306 4 Istinadlar 5 Hemcinin baxTarix RedakteImperiya RedakteMakedoniyali Isgender Qedim Yunanistanin Makedoniya carliginin hokmdari Basilevs 3 4 5 ve Argeadlar sulalesinin numayendesi oldu Eramizdan evvel 356 ci ilde Pellada dogulan Isgender atasi Makedoniyali II Filipden olumunden sonra 20 yasinda taxta cixdi O 30 yasina qeder qedim dunyanin en boyuk imperiyalarindan birini Yunanistandan Misire ve Simal qerbi Hindistana qeder yaradana qeder hakimiyyetinin cox hissesini Asiya ve Simal serqi Afrika boyunca herbi kampaniyalarda kecirdi 6 O doyusde meglub edilmez idi ve tarixdeki en muveffeqiyyetli herbi komandanlardan biri hesab edilir 7 Gencliyinde Isgender filosof Aristotelden 16 yasina qeder ders aldi Atasi II Filippin oldurulmesinden sonra eramizdan evvel 336 ci ilde taxta cixan Isgender guclu dovleti ve tecrubeli ordunu miras alib O Yunanistanin generalligi ile mukafatlandirildi ve bu selahiyyetden atasinin herbi isgal planlarini heyata kecirmeye baslamaq ucun istifade eddi E e 334 cu ilde o Anatoliyani idare eden Ehemeniler imperiyasini isgal eddi ve 10 il davam eden herbi emeliyyatlara basladi Isgender helledici doyuslerde xususile Iss ve Qavqamel doyuslerinde Ehemeniler imperiyasinin gucunu mehv eddi O axirda Ehemeniler imperiyasi hokmdari III Darani hakimiyyetden salib ve Ehemeniler imperiyasinin tamamini isgal eddi Bu zaman onun imperiyasi Adriatik denizinden Hind cayina qeder uzanirdi Dunyanin sonuna ve Boyuk Xarici Denize catmaq isteyen Isgender E e 326 ci ilde Hindistani isgal eddi ancaq ordusunun telebi onu geri qayitmaga mecbur eddi Isgender E e 323 cu ilde paytaxt etmek istediyi Babil seherinde belke de Erebistanin isgali ile baslayacaq herbi yuruslerini heyata kecire bilmeden oldu Onun olumunden sonraki illerde bir cox vetendas muharibeleri onun imperiyasini parcaladi ve Isgenderin generallari ve varisleri Diadoxinin idare etdiyi dovletler yarandi Isgenderin mirasina isgallarinin sebeb oldugu yunan buddist kimi medeni diffuziyalar daxildir O Isgenderiyye de daxil olmaqla oz adini dasiyan teqriben iyirmi seherin esasini qoydu Isgenderin yunan muhacirlerini meskunlasdirmasi ve serqde Yunanistan medeniyyetinin yayilmasi yeni ellinizm sivilizasiyasinin yaranmasina sebeb oldu ve bu sivilizasiyanin xususiyyetleri XV esrin ortalarinda Bizans imperiyasinin enenelerinde ve 1920 ci illere qeder merkezi ve uzaq serqi Anatoliyada yunanca danisanlarin olmasinda gorulur Isgender Axilles kimi klassik qehreman oldu ve o tarixde ve yunan ve qeyri yunan medeniyyetlerinin efsanelerinde xarakterize olundu Isgender herbi liderlerin ozunu muqayise etdiyi olcu vasitesi oldu ve dunyanin bir cox yerinde herbi akademiyalar hele de onun herbi taktikalarini oyredir 8 Isgender tez tez muellimi Aristotel ile yanasi olaraq butun dovrlerin en cox tesir gucune malik sexsleri arasinda siralanir 9 10 Imperiya Dovrundeki Hakimler e e 336 306 Redakte The Macedonian Empire at its greatest extent sekil Ad Aile munasibeti Hokmranligi QeydlerArgeadlar sulalesi e e 336 306 Makedoniyali Isgender Makedoniyali II Filipin oglu e e 336 323 III Filip Makedoniyali II Filipin oglu e e 323 317 IV Isgender Makedoniyali Isgenderin oglu e e 323 309 Perdikkas e e 323 321 Antipater Iollasin oglu e e 321 319Poliperxon Simmiasin oglu e e 319 316 Kassandr Antipaterin oglu e e 316 309Istinadlar Redakte Jonathan M Adams Thomas D Hall and Peter Turchin 2006 East West Orientation of Historical Empires PDF Journal of World Systems Research University of Connecticut 12 no 2 219 229 2007 02 22 tarixinde orijinalindan PDF arxivlesdirilib Istifade tarixi 2014 06 13 Social Science Research Vol 7 180 196 1978 Alexander the Great Youths of the Pellaians and of the Macedonians and of the Hellenic Amphictiony and of the Lakedaimonians and of the Corinthians and of all the Hellenic peoples join your fellow soldiers and entrust yourselves to me so that we can move against the barbarians and liberate ourselves from the Persian bondage for as Greeks we should not be slaves to barbarians Pseudo Kallisthenes Historia Alexandri Magni 1 15 1 4 Alexander the Great Now you fear punishment and beg for your lives so I will let you free if not for any other reason so that you can see the difference between a Greek king and a barbarian tyrant so do not expect to suffer any harm from me A king does not kill messengers Historia Alexandri Magni of Pseudo Kallisthenes 1 37 9 13 Alexander the Great addressing his troops prior to the Battle of Issus There are Greek troops to be sure in Persian service but how different is their cause from ours They will be fighting for pay and not much of at that we on the contrary shall fight for Greece and our hearts will be in it Anabasis Alexandri by Roman historian Arrian Book II 7 Alexander s letter to Persian king Darius in response to a truce plea Your ancestors came to Macedonia and the rest of Hellas Greece and did us great harm though we had done them no prior injury I have been appointed leader of the Greeks and wanting to punish the Persians I have come to Asia which I took from you Anabasis Alexandri by Arrian translated as Anabasis of Alexander by P A Brunt for the Loeb Edition Book II 14 4 Alexander the Great If it were not my purpose to combine barbarian things with things Hellenic Greek to traverse and civilize every continent to search out the uttermost parts of land and sea to push the bounds of Macedonia to the farthest Ocean and to disseminate and shower the blessings of the Hellenic justice and peace over every nation I should not be content to sit quietly in the luxury of idle power but I should emulate the frugality of Diogenes But as things are forgive me Diogenes that I imitate Herakles and emulate Perseus and follow in the footsteps of Dionysos the divine author and progenitor of my family and desire that victorious Hellenes should dance again in India and revive the memory of the Bacchic revels among the savage mountain tribes beyond the Kaukasos olu kecid On the Fortune of Alexander by Plutarch 332 a b Alexander addressing the dead Hellenes the Athenian and Thebean Greeks of the Battle of Chaeronea Holy shadows of the dead I m not to blame for your cruel and bitter fate but the accursed rivalry which brought sister nations and brother people to fight one another I do not feel happy for this victory of mine On the contrary I would be glad brothers if I had all of you standing here next to me since we are united by the same language the same blood and the same visions Historiae Alexandri Magni by Quintus Curtius Rufus Alexander I of Macedon ancestor of Alexander the Great member of the Argead dynasty Tell your king Xerxes who sent you how his Greek viceroy of Macedonia has received you hospitably Herodotus Histories 5 20 4 Loeb Alexander I of Macedon ancestor of Alexander the Great member of the Argead dynasty when he was admitted to the Olympic games Men of Athens In truth I would not tell it to you if I did not care so much for all Hellas I myself am by ancient descent a Greek and I would not willingly see Hellas change her freedom for slavery I tell you then that Mardonius and his army cannot get omens to his liking from the sacrifices Otherwise you would have fought long before this Now however it is his purpose to pay no heed to the sacrifices and to attack at the first glimmer of dawn for he fears as I surmise that your numbers will become still greater Therefore I urge you to prepare and if as may be Mardonius should delay and not attack wait patiently where you are for he has but a few days provisions left If however this war ends as you wish then must you take thought how to save me too from slavery who have done so desperate a deed as this for the sake of Hellas in my desire to declare to you Mardonius intent so that the barbarians may not attack you suddenly before you yet expect them I who speak am Alexander the Macedonian Herodotus Histories 9 45 ed A D Godley Ian Worthington English historian and archaeologist Not much need to be said about the Greekness of ancient Macedonia it is undeniable Ian Worthington Philip II of Macedonia Yale University Press 2008 Ulrich Wilcken When we take into account the political conditions religion and morals of the Macedonians our conviction is strengthened that they were a Greek race and akin to the Dorians Having stayed behind in the extreme north they were unable to participate in the progressive civilization of the tribes which went further south Ulrich Wilcken Alexander the Great p 22 Strabo And Macedonia of course is a part of Greece Strabo VII Frg 9 Loeb H L Jones Herodotus Now that these descendants of Perdiccas Perdiccas I of Macedon King of Macedonia from about 700 BCE to about 678 BCE are Greeks as they themselves say I myself chance to know and will prove it in the later part of my history Herodotus Book 5 Ch 22 1 Loeb Josephus And when the book of Daniel was showed to Alexander the Great where Daniel declared that one of the Greeks should destroy the empire of the Persians he supposed that himself was the person intended and as he was then glad he dismissed the multitude for the present Josephus 11 8 5 Arrian There a man appeared to them wearing a Greek cloak and dressed otherwise in the Greek fashion and speaking Greek also Those Macedonians who first sighted him said that they burst into teers so strange did it seem after all these miseries to see a Greek and to hear Greek spoken Arrian Anabasis Alexandri Book VIII Indica Titus Livius The Aitolians the Akarnanians the Macedonians men of the same speech are united or disunited by trivial causes that arise from time to time with aliens with barbarians all Greeks wage and will wage eternal war for they are enemies by the will of nature which is eternal and not from reasons that change from day to day Titus Livius Liber XXXI 29 15 David H Levinson It should be noted that there is no connection between the Macedonians of the time of Alexander the Great who were related to other Hellenic tribes and the Macedonians of today who are of Slavic Origin and related to the Bulgarians Encyclopedia of World Cultures 1991 by David H Levinson page 239 Nicholas Hammond Philip was born a Greek of the most aristocratic indeed of divine descent Philip was both a Greek and a Macedonian even as Demosthenes was a Greek and an Athenian The Macedonians over whom Philip was to rule were an outlying family member of the Greek speaking peoples Nicholas Hummond Philip of Macedon Duckworth Publishing 1998 Nicholas Hammond All in all the language of the Macedones was a distinct and particular form of Greek resistant to outside influnces and conservative in pronunciation It remained so until the fourth century when it was almost totally submerged by the flood tide of standardized Greek Nicholas Hummond A History of Macedonia Vol ii 550 336 BC Nicholas Hammond As members of the Greek race and speakers of the Greek language the Macedonians shared in the ability to initiate ideas and create political forms Nicholas Hummond The Miracle that was Macedonia 1992 p 206 M Opperman The Oxford Classical Dictionary 3rd ed 1996 Macedonia Cults page 905 Nowadays historians generally agree that the Macedonian ethnos form part of the Greek ethnos hence they also shared in the common religious and cultural features of the Hellenic world Robin Lane Fox 1 Alexander was still the Greek avenger of Persian sacrilege who told his troops it was said that Persepolis was the most hateful city in the world On the road there he met with the families of Greeks who had deported to Persia by previous kings and true to his slogan he honoured them conspicuously giving them money five changes of clothing farm animals corn a free passage home and exemption from taxes and bureaucratic harassments p 256 2 To his ancestors to a Persian s ancestors Macedonians were only known as yona takabara the Greeks who wear shields on their heads an allusion to their broad brimmed hats p 104 3 Alexander was not the first Greek to be honoured as a god for political favour p 131 4 In spirit Alexander made a gesture to the Lydians sensitivities though his Greek crusade owed them nothing as they were not Greeks p 128 Robin Lane Fox Alexander the Great Penguin Books UK 1997 Katheryn A Bard The Macedonians were originally one of several Greek tribes living on the northern frontier of the Hellenic world Katheryn A Bard Encyclopaedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt Taylor amp Francis 1999 p 460 Benjamin Ide Wheeler That the Macedonians were Greek by race there can be no longer any doubt They were the northernmost fragments of the race left stranded behind the barriers Benjamin Ide Wheeler Alexander the Great The Merging of East and West in Universal History Elibron Classics 2011 Zacharia 2008 Simon Hornblower Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods pp 55 58 Joint Association of Classical Teachers 1984 seh 50 51 Errington 1990 Fine 1983 seh 607 608 Hall 2000 seh 64 Hammond 2001 seh 11 Jones 2001 seh 21 Osborne 2004 seh 127 Hammond 1989 seh 12 13 Hammond 1993 seh 97 Starr 1991 seh 260 367 Toynbee 1981 seh 67 Worthington 2008 seh 8 219 Chamoux 2002 seh 8 Cawkwell 1978 seh 22 Perlman 1973 seh 78 Hamilton 1974 Chapter 2 The Macedonian Homeland p 23 Bryant 1996 seh 306 O Brien 1994 seh 25 Simon Hornblower Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods in Katerina Zacharia Hellenisms Ashgate Publishing 2008 pp 55 58 Alexander the Great 356 323 BC UK BBC Yenne 2010 seh 159 Yenne 2010 seh viii Guardian on Time Magazine s 100 personalities of all time Ranker com The most influential people of all time Hemcinin bax RedakteQedim makedoniyalilar Hetayrlar Makedoniyali IsgenderMenbe https az wikipedia org w index php title Makedoniya carligi amp oldid 6074775 Imperiya, wikipedia, oxu, kitab, kitabxana, axtar, tap, hersey,
ne axtarsan burda
, en yaxsi meqale sayti, meqaleler, kitablar, oyrenmek, wiki, bilgi, tarix, seks, porno, indir, yukle, sex, azeri sex, azeri, seks yukle, sex yukle, izle, seks izle, porno izle, mobil seks, telefon ucun, chat, azeri chat, tanisliq, tanishliq, azeri tanishliq, sayt, medeni, medeni saytlar, chatlar, mekan, tanisliq mekani, mekanlari, yüklə, pulsuz, pulsuz yüklə, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, şəkil, muisiqi, mahnı, kino, film, kitab, oyun, oyunlar.
.svg.html){kind=link}
