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Piktlər

September 18, 2021

Piktlər — son dəmir dövründə və erkən orta əsrlərdə Piktaviya (lat. Pictavia), Piktland və ya Piktlend adlanan ərazidə, indiki Şotlandiyanın şərqində və şimalında yaşamış xalqlar konfederasiyasına verilən ümumi ad. Onların yaşadığı ərazi və mədəniyyətləri britt dillərində verilmiş toponim elementlərinin yayılması və pikt daşlarına əsaslanır. Piktlər barədə məlumatlar qədim dövrlərdən X əsrə qədərki dövrdə hazırlanmış yazılı mənbələrdə verilir. Onlar Kennet mak Alpinin Piktaviyanı ihlaq etməsindən sonra X əsrdə gellərin assimilyasiyasına məruz qalıblar. Onlar Böyük Britaniyadakı Fort və Klayd çaylarının şimalında yaşayırdılar. Piktlər cənubdakı britlərin danışdığı keltik qədim brit dilinə yaxın olan pikt dilində danışırdılar.

Pikt döyüşçüsü. Teodor de Brinin hazırladığı qravür. Tomas Herriotun "Virciniya torpaqlarının qısa və dəqiq təsviri" kitabı. 1588-ci il.

Piktlərin romalıların Ptolomeyin hazırladığı dünya xəritəsində haqlarında danışdıqları kaledonlar və digər tayfalardan törədikləri ehtimal olunur. Piktaviya tədricən gel dövləti olan Dal Riada krallığı ilə birləşmiş və Alba krallığını (Şotlandiya) qurmuşdur. Daha sonrakı dövrlərdə Alba krallığı britlərin Stratklayd krallığını və Nortumbriya krallığının Lotian vilayətini ihlaq etmişdir. XI əsrdə pikt identiklikliyi şotlandların uzunmüddətli assimilyasiya prosesi nəticəsində məhv olmuşdur.

Etimologiya

"Pikt" termininin romalıların Fort və Klayd çaylarının şimalında yaşamış xalqlar üçün istifadə etdiyi bir ekzonim olduğu düşünülür. Latın sözü olan Picti 297-ci ildə Evmeni tərəfindən yazılmış bir panegirikdə verilir və "rənglənmiş (tatuirovka edilmiş) insanlar" deməkdir. Söz latın dilindəki Pingere ("rəngləmək"; Pictus, "rənglənmiş"; q.yun. πυκτίς, piktis, "şəkil") sözündən törəyib.

"Pict" sözü qədim skandinav dilində Pettr, qədim ingilis dilində Peohta, skots dilində Pecht, vall dilində isə Peithwyr ("pikt adamlar") kimi verilir. Bəzi alimlər adın pikt dilindəki orijinal variantı olduğunu düşünür. İrlandiyada qeydə alınan yazılını mənbələrdə Krutin (ortagel: Cruthin), Krutini (ortagel: Cruthini), Krutni (ortagel: Cruthni) və ya Kruitini (ortagel: Cruithini; irl. Cruithne) həm piktlərə, həm də ki, şərqi Olsterdəki Uladı boyunca yaşayan başqa bir xalqa verilən ad idi. Ümumiyyətcə bu adın *Qritani sözündən törədiyi, onun isə britt dillərindəki *Pritani sözünün goydel dillərindəki variantı olduğunu qəbul edilir. Bu sözdən Britanni adı yaranmışdır ki, bu da romalıların britlərə verdiyi addır.

Piktlərin özlərini necə adlandırdığı naməlumdur. Tarixşünaslar piktlərin özlərini Albidosi adlandırdığını irəli sürürlər. Bu ad "Alba krallarının salnaməsi" əsərində verilir.

Mənbə

İstinadlar

  1. Foster, 1996. səh. 11
  2. Ferguson, James (1911). "The Pictish Race and Kingdom". The Celtic Review (ingilis). 7 (25): 25. doi:10.2307/30070376.
  3. Lewis, Short, 1879 pingo, on Perseus Digital Library
  4. Liddell, Scott, 1940 πυκτίς, on Perseus Digital Library
  5. William Taylor (of Tain.) (1865). Fragments of the Early History of Tain, from Its Origin to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century. R. Douglas. səh. 15.
  6. J. M. P. Calise (2002). Pictish Sourcebook: Documents of Medieval Legend and Dark Age History. Greenwood Publishing Group. 289–290. ISBN 978-0-313-32295-2.
  7. Ó Cróinín, 2008. səh. 213
  8. Chadwick, 1949. səh. 66-80
  9. Ó Cróinín, 2008; Chadwick, 1949
  10. Broun, 2005a. səh. 258, note 95; Woolf, 2007. səh. 177–181

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Xarici keçidlər

  Vikianbarda Piktlər ilə əlaqəli mediafayllar var.
  • Glasgow University ePrints server, including Katherine Forsyth's
    • Language in Pictland (pdf) and
    • Literacy in Pictland (pdf)
  • The language of the Picts 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine, article by Paul Kavanagh, 2012-02-04
  • CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
    • The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach, Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress
  • Scotland Royalty 2020-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
  • Annals of Clonmacnoise at Cornell
  • Bede's Ecclesiastical History and its Continuation (pdf), at CCEL, translated by A.M. Sellar.
  • Annales Cambriae (translated) at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
  • Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (PSAS) through 1999 (pdf).
  • Tarbat Discovery Programme with reports on excavations at Portmahomack.
  • the Scottish Place-Name Society (Comann Ainmean-Áite na h-Alba), including commentary on and extracts from Watson's The History of the Celtic Place-names of Scotland.
  • The Picts and Scots in history
  • Historic Scotland website on Pictish stones
  • Ancient Scotland: Caledonia and Pictavia

September 18, 2021
piktlər, dəmir, dövründə, erkən, orta, əsrlərdə, piktaviya, pictavia, piktland, piktlend, adlanan, ərazidə, indiki, şotlandiyanın, şərqində, şimalında, yaşamış, xalqlar, konfederasiyasına, verilən, ümumi, onların, yaşadığı, ərazi, mədəniyyətləri, britt, dillər. Piktler son demir dovrunde ve erken orta esrlerde Piktaviya lat Pictavia Piktland ve ya Piktlend adlanan erazide indiki Sotlandiyanin serqinde ve simalinda yasamis xalqlar konfederasiyasina verilen umumi ad Onlarin yasadigi erazi ve medeniyyetleri britt dillerinde verilmis toponim elementlerinin yayilmasi ve pikt daslarina esaslanir Piktler barede melumatlar qedim dovrlerden X esre qederki dovrde hazirlanmis yazili menbelerde verilir Onlar Kennet mak Alpinin Piktaviyani ihlaq etmesinden sonra X esrde gellerin assimilyasiyasina meruz qaliblar Onlar Boyuk Britaniyadaki Fort ve Klayd caylarinin simalinda yasayirdilar Piktler cenubdaki britlerin danisdigi keltik qedim brit diline yaxin olan pikt dilinde danisirdilar Pikt doyuscusu Teodor de Brinin hazirladigi qravur Tomas Herriotun Virciniya torpaqlarinin qisa ve deqiq tesviri kitabi 1588 ci il Piktlerin romalilarin Ptolomeyin hazirladigi dunya xeritesinde haqlarinda danisdiqlari kaledonlar ve diger tayfalardan toredikleri ehtimal olunur Piktaviya tedricen gel dovleti olan Dal Riada kralligi ile birlesmis ve Alba kralligini Sotlandiya qurmusdur Daha sonraki dovrlerde Alba kralligi britlerin Stratklayd kralligini ve Nortumbriya kralliginin Lotian vilayetini ihlaq etmisdir XI esrde pikt identiklikliyi sotlandlarin uzunmuddetli assimilyasiya prosesi neticesinde mehv olmusdur Mundericat 1 Etimologiya 2 Menbe 2 1 Istinadlar 2 2 Edebiyyat 3 Xarici kecidlerEtimologiya Redakte Pikt termininin romalilarin Fort ve Klayd caylarinin simalinda yasamis xalqlar ucun istifade etdiyi bir ekzonim oldugu dusunulur 1 Latin sozu olan Picti 297 ci ilde Evmeni terefinden yazilmis bir panegirikde verilir ve renglenmis tatuirovka edilmis insanlar demekdir 2 Soz latin dilindeki Pingere 3 renglemek Pictus renglenmis q yun pyktis piktis sekil 4 sozunden toreyib Pict sozu qedim skandinav dilinde Pettr qedim ingilis dilinde Peohta skots dilinde Pecht vall dilinde ise Peithwyr pikt adamlar kimi verilir Bezi alimler adin pikt dilindeki orijinal varianti oldugunu dusunur 5 6 Irlandiyada qeyde alinan yazilini menbelerde Krutin ortagel Cruthin Krutini ortagel Cruthini Krutni ortagel Cruthni ve ya Kruitini ortagel Cruithini irl Cruithne hem piktlere hem de ki serqi Olsterdeki Uladi boyunca yasayan basqa bir xalqa verilen ad idi 7 Umumiyyetce bu adin Qritani sozunden torediyi onun ise britt dillerindeki Pritani sozunun goydel dillerindeki varianti oldugunu qebul edilir 8 Bu sozden Britanni adi yaranmisdir ki bu da romalilarin britlere verdiyi addir 9 Piktlerin ozlerini nece adlandirdigi namelumdur Tarixsunaslar piktlerin ozlerini Albidosi adlandirdigini ireli sururler Bu ad Alba krallarinin salnamesi eserinde verilir 10 Menbe RedakteIstinadlar Redakte Foster 1996 seh 11 Ferguson James 1911 The Pictish Race and Kingdom The Celtic Review ingilis 7 25 25 doi 10 2307 30070376 Lewis Short 1879 pingo on Perseus Digital Library Liddell Scott 1940 pyktis on Perseus Digital Library William Taylor of Tain 1865 Fragments of the Early History of Tain from Its Origin to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century R Douglas seh 15 J M P Calise 2002 Pictish Sourcebook Documents of Medieval Legend and Dark Age History Greenwood Publishing Group 289 290 ISBN 978 0 313 32295 2 o Croinin 2008 seh 213 Chadwick 1949 seh 66 80 o Croinin 2008 Chadwick 1949 Broun 2005a seh 258 note 95 Woolf 2007 seh 177 181 Edebiyyat Redakte The Anglo Saxon Chronicle Ingram James Giles J A terefinden tercume olunub Pantianos Classics ISBN 978 1 5405 7961 4 Adomnan 1995 Life of St Columba Sharpe Richard terefinden tercume olunub London Penguin ISBN 978 0 14 044462 9 Alcock Leslie 2003 Kings amp Warriors Craftsmen amp Priests In Northern Britain AD 550 850 Edinburgh Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series ISBN 978 0 903903 24 0 Armit Ian 1990 Beyond the Brochs Changing Perspectives on the Atlantic Scottish Iron Age Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press Armit Ian 2002 Towers In The North The Brochs Of Scotland Stroud Tempus ISBN 978 0 7524 1932 9 Bannerman John 1999 Broun Dauvit Clancy Thomas Owen eds The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba Spes Scotorum Hope of Scots Saint Columba Iona and Scotland Edinburgh T amp T Clark Ltd ISBN 978 0 7486 1803 3 Barrow G W S 2003 Barrow G W S ed Pre feudal Scotland shires and thanes The Kingdom of the Scots Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 1803 3 Broun Dauvit 1997 Dunkeld and the origin of Scottish Identity The Innes Review 48 112 124 Broun Dauvit 1998 Foster Sally M ed Pictish Kings 761 839 Integration with Dal Riata or Separate Development The St Andrews Sarcophagus A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections Dublin Four Courts ISBN 978 1 85182 414 4 Broun Dauvit Clancy Thomas Owen eds 1999 Spes Scotorum Hope of Scots Saint Columba Iona and Scotland Edinburgh T amp T Clark Ltd ISBN 978 0 5670 8682 2 Broun Dauvit 2001a Lynch Michael ed Dal Riata kingdom of The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press 161 162 Broun Dauvit 2001b Lynch Michael ed Kingship Early Medieval The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press seh 359 360 Broun Dauvit 2001c Lynch Michael ed National identity early medieval and the formation of Alba The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press seh 437 Broun Dauvit 2005a O Neill Pamela ed Alba Pictish homeland or Irish offshoot Exile and Homecoming Papers from the Fifth Australian Conference of Celtic Studies University of Sydney July 2004 Sydney Series in Celtic Studies Sydney The Celtic Studies Foundation University of Sydney 8 234 275 ISBN 978 1 86487 742 7 Broun Dauvit 2005b Cowan E J McDonald R Andrew eds The Seven Kingdoms in De situ Albanie A Record of Pictish political geography or imaginary map of ancient Alba Alba Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era Edinburgh John Donald ISBN 978 0 85976 608 1 Broun Dauvit 2007 Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain From the Picts to Alexander III Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 2360 0 Bruford Alan 2005 Cowan E J McDonald R Andrew eds What happened to the Caledonians Alba Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era Edinburgh John Donald ISBN 978 0 85976 608 1 Byrne Francis John 1973 Irish Kings and High Kings London Batsford ISBN 978 0 7134 5882 4 Campbell Ewan 1999 Saints and Sea kings The First Kingdom of the Scots Edinburgh Canongate ISBN 978 0 86241 874 8 Carver M O H 2008 Portmahomack monastery of the Picts Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 2442 3 Istifade tarixi February 6 2010 Chadwick Hector Munro 1949 Early Scotland The Picts The Scots And The Welsh Of Southern Scotland 2013 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 1076 9391 3 Clancy Thomas Owen 2000 Taylor Simon ed Scotland the Nennian Recension of the Historia Brittonum and the Libor Bretnach Kings clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500 1297 Dublin Four Courts ISBN 978 1 85182 516 5 Clancy Thomas Owen 2001a Lynch Michael ed Church institutions early medieval The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Clancy Thomas Owen 2001b Lynch Michael ed Ireland to 1100 The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Clancy Thomas Owen 2001c Lynch Michael ed Nechtan son of Derile The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Clancy Thomas Owen 1999 Broun Dauvit Clancy Thomas Owen eds Columba Adomnan and the Cult of Saints in Scotland Spes Scotorum Hope of Scots Saint Columba Iona and Scotland Edinburgh T amp T Clark Ltd ISBN 978 0 7486 1803 3 Cowan E J 2001 Lynch Michael ed Economy to 1100 The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Cowan E J 2005a Cowan E J McDonald R Andrew eds The Invention of Celtic Scotland Alba Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era Edinburgh John Donald ISBN 978 0 85976 608 1 Cowan E J McDonald R Andrew eds 2005b Alba Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era Edinburgh John Donald ISBN 978 0 85976 608 1 Crone B A 1993 Crannogs and Chronologies Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 123 245 254 Cummins W A 1998 The Age of the Picts Stroud Sutton ISBN 978 0 7509 1608 0 Dennison Patricia 2001 Lynch Michael ed Urban settlement to 1750 The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Driscoll Stephen T 2001 Lynch Michael ed Burghead The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Dyer Christopher 2003 Making a Living in the Middle Ages The People of Britain 850 1520 London Penguin ISBN 978 0 14 025951 3 Forsyth K 1997 Language in Pictland the case against non Indo European Pictish PDF Utrecht de Keltische Draak Istifade tarixi 4 February 2010 Forsyth K 1998 Pryce H ed Literacy in Pictland PDF Literacy in medieval Celtic societies Cambridge Cambridge University Press Istifade tarixi 13 December 2012 Forsyth Katherine 2000 Taylor Simon ed Evidence of a lost Pictish Source in the Historia Regum Anglorum of Symeon of Durham with an appendix by John T Koch Kings clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500 1297 Dublin Four Courts ISBN 978 1 85182 516 5 Forsyth Katherine 2001 Lynch Michael ed Picts The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Forsyth K 2005 Wormald J ed Origins Scotland to 1100 Scotland a History Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 820615 6 Foster Sally M 1996 Picts Gaels and Scots Early Historic Scotland London Batsford ISBN 978 0 7134 7486 2 Foster Sally M ed 1998 The St Andrews Sarcophagus A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections Dublin Four Courts ISBN 978 1 85182 414 4 Foster Sally M 2004 Picts Gaels and Scots revised London Batsford ISBN 978 0 7134 8874 6 Fraser Iain 2008 The Pictish Symbol Stones of Scotland Edinburgh Royal Commission on the Ancienct and Historic Monuments of Scotland ISBN 978 1 9024 1953 4 Fraser James E 2009 From Caledonia to Pictland Scotland to 795 The New Edinburgh History of Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press 1 ISBN 978 0 7486 1232 1 Geary Patrick J 1988 Before France and Germany The creation and transformation of the Merovingian World Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 504457 7 Hanson W 2001 Lynch Michael ed North England and southern Scotland Roman occupation The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Haywood John 1999 Dark Age Naval Power Hockwold cum Wilton Anglo Saxon Books ISBN 978 1 898281 22 1 Henderson Isabel 1986 Higgitt John ed The David Cycle in Pictish Art Early medieval sculpture in Britain and Ireland Oxford British Archaeological Reports ISBN 978 0 8605 4383 1 Henderson Isabel 1998 Foster Sally M ed Primus inter pares the St Andrews Sarcophagus and Pictish Sculpture The St Andrews Sarcophagus A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections Dublin Four Courts ISBN 978 1 85182 414 4 Higham N J 1993 The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350 1100 Stroud 1993 Sutton ISBN 978 0 86299 730 4 Jackson K 1955 The Pictish Language in Wainwright F T ed The Problem of the Picts Edinburgh Nelson 129 166 Kelly Fergus 1997 Early Irish Farming a study based mainly on the law texts of the 7th and 8th centuries AD 2000 reprint Dublin School of Celtic Studies Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies ISBN 978 1 8550 0180 0 Laing Lloyd Laing Jennifer 2001 The Picts and the Scots Stroud Sutton ISBN 978 0 7509 2873 1 Lewis Charlton T Short Charles 1879 A Latin Dictionary digitised by Perseus Project Oxford Oxford University Press Istifade tarixi 14 October 2018 Liddell Henry George Scott Robert 1940 Jones ed A Greek English Lexicon ninth digitised by Perseus Project Oxford Clarendon Press Istifade tarixi 14 October 2018 Lowe Chris 1999 Angels Fools and Tyrants Britons and Angles in Southern Scotland Edinburgh Canongate ISBN 978 0 86241 875 5 Lynch Michael ed 2001 The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 211696 3 Markus Fr Gilbert O P 2001a Lynch Michael ed Conversion to Christianity The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Markus Fr Gilbert O P 2001b Lynch Michael ed Religious life early medieval The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Nicolaisen W F H 2001 Scottish Place Names Edinburgh John Donald ISBN 978 0 85976 556 5 o Croinin Daibhi 1995 Early Medieval Ireland 400 1200 London Longman ISBN 978 0 582 01565 4 o Carragain Eamonn 1988 Niocaill G M Wallace P F eds The meeting of Saint Paul and Saint Anthony visual and literary uses of a eucharistic motif Keimelia studies in medieval archaeology and history in memory of Tom Delaney Galway Galway University Press ISBN 978 0 9077 7533 1 o Croinin Daibhi 2008 A New History of Ireland Prehistoric and Early Ireland Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 1992 2665 8 Oram Richard 2001 Lynch Michael ed Rural society medieval The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Price Glanville 2000 Price Glanville ed Pictish Languages in Britain amp Ireland Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 21581 3 Pryor Francis 2005 Britain A D London Harper Perennial ISBN 978 0 00 718187 2 Ritchie Anna 2001 Lynch Michael ed Culture Picto Celtic The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Rodger N A M 1997 The Safeguard of the Sea A Naval History of Great Britain volume one 660 1649 London Harper Collins ISBN 978 0 00 638840 1 Sellar W D H 2001 Lynch Michael ed Gaelic laws and institutions The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Sharpe Richard 2000 Taylor Simon ed The thriving of Dalriada Kings clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500 1297 Dublin Four Courts ISBN 978 1 85182 516 5 Smyth Alfred P 1984 Warlords and Holy Men Scotland AD 80 1000 Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 0100 4 Snyder Christopher A 2003 The Britons Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 22260 6 Taylor Simon 1999 Broun Dauvit Clancy Thomas Owen eds Seventh century Iona abbots in Scottish place names Spes Scotorum Hope of Scots Saint Columba Iona and Scotland Edinburgh T amp T Clark Ltd ISBN 978 0 7486 1803 3 Taylor Simon ed 2000 Kings clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500 1297 Dublin Four Courts ISBN 978 1 85182 516 5 Taylor Simon 2001 Lynch Michael ed Place names The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Watson W J 1926 The History of the Celtic Place names of Scotland Birlinn Toland John 1726 A critical history of the Celtic religion and learning contatining an account of the Druids 1815 Edinburgh John Findlay Istifade tarixi 14 October 2018 Woolf Alex 2001a Lynch Michael ed Constantine II The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press seh 106 Woolf Alex 2001b Lynch Michael ed Nobility early medieval The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Woolf Alex 2001c Lynch Michael ed Ungus Onuist son of Uurgust The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Oxford University Press Woolf Alex 2006 Dun Nechtain Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts The Scottish Historical Review 85 182 201 Woolf Alex 2017 On the nature of the Picts The Scottish Historical Review 96 214 217 doi 10 3366 shr 2017 0336 Woolf Alex 2007 From Pictland to Alba 789 1070 The New Edinburgh History of Scotland Edinburgh University Press 2 Yorke Barbara 2006 The Conversion of Britain Religion Politics and Society c 600 800 London Longman ISBN 978 0 582 77292 2 Youngs Susan ed 1989 The Work of Angels Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork 6th 9th centuries AD London British Museum Press ISBN 978 0 7141 0554 3 James E Fraser The New Edinburgh History Of Scotland Vol 1 From Caledonia To Pictland Edinburgh University Press 2009 ISBN 978 0 7486 1232 1 Henderson George Henderson Isabel The Art of the Picts Thames and Hudson 2004 ISBN 0500238073 Fraser Hunter Beyond the Edge of Empire Caledonians Picts and Romans Groam House Museum Rosemarkie 2007 ISBN 978 0 9540999 2 3 Alex Woolf The New Edinburgh History Of Scotland Vol 2 From Pictland To Alba Edinburgh University Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 7486 1234 5Xarici kecidler Redakte Vikianbarda Piktler ile elaqeli mediafayllar var Glasgow University ePrints server including Katherine Forsyth s Language in Pictland pdf and Literacy in Pictland pdf The language of the Picts Arxivlesdirilib 2017 02 02 at the Wayback Machine article by Paul Kavanagh 2012 02 04 CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the Annals of Ulster Tigernach the Four Masters and Innisfallen the Chronicon Scotorum the Lebor Bretnach Genealogies and various Saints Lives Most are translated into English or translations are in progress Scotland Royalty Arxivlesdirilib 2020 03 27 at the Wayback Machine The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba Annals of Clonmacnoise at Cornell Bede s Ecclesiastical History and its Continuation pdf at CCEL translated by A M Sellar Annales Cambriae translated at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland PSAS through 1999 pdf Tarbat Discovery Programme with reports on excavations at Portmahomack SPNS the Scottish Place Name Society Comann Ainmean Aite na h Alba including commentary on and extracts from Watson s The History of the Celtic Place names of Scotland The Picts and Scots in history Historic Scotland website on Pictish stones Ancient Scotland Caledonia and PictaviaMenbe https az wikipedia org w index php title Piktler amp oldid 5699085, wikipedia, oxu, kitab, kitabxana, axtar, tap, hersey,

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