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Mari (Suriya)

Avqust 08, 2021

Bu adın digər istifadə formaları üçün bax: Mari.

Mari və ya Təll-Həriri (ərəb. تل حريري‎‎) — indiki Suriyada qədim sami şəhəri. Şəhərin xarabalıqları Fərat çayının qərb sahilində yerləşən Əbu-Kamal şəhərindən 11 kilometr (6.8 mil), Deyr-əz-Zor şəhərindən 120 kilometr (75 mil) uzaqlıqdakı bir təll üzərində yerləşir. Şəhər e.ə. 2900 və e.ə. 1759-cu illərdə ticarət mərkəzi və hegemon dövlət kimi çiçəklənmişdir. Şəhərin salınmasının səbəbi Fərat çayı üzərindəki ticarət yollarının mərkəzində yerləşməsi idi. Bu, şəhəri Şumer və Levant arasına salmışdır.

Mari

Mari
34°32′58″ şm. e. 40°53′24″ ş. u.
Alternativ adı Təll-Həriri
Yer Suriya
Region Yaxın Şərq
Ərazi 60 hectare (150 acre)
Tarix
Əsası qoyulub e.ə. XXX əsr
Tərk edilib
  • e.ə. XXVI əsr
  • e.ə. XXIII əsr
Era tunc dövrü
Mədəniyyətlər samidilli
Əlaqəli
Yer qeydləri
Qazıntı zamanı 1933
Arxeoloqlar Andre Parrot
Vəziyyəti tərk edilmiş
Məxsusluq ictimai
Mari
 Vikianbarda əlaqəli mediafayllar

Mari ilk dəfə e.ə. XXVI əsrin ortalarında tərk edilmişdir, lakin daha sonra – e.ə. 2500-ci illərdə bərpa edilmiş, hegemon bir sami dövlətinin paytaxtına çevrilmişdir. İkinci Mari rəqibi Ebla ilə uzunmüddətli bir müharibəyə girimişdir və Şumer mədəniyyətinə olan yaxınlığı tanınır. Şəhər yenidən e.ə. XXIII əsrdə Akkad imperiyası tərəfindən məhv edilmişdir. Akkadlılar daha sonra şəhərin bərpa edilməsinə icazə vermiş, şəhərə Şakkanakku titulunu daşıyan bir hərbi qubernator təyin etmişdir. Bu qubernatorlar növbəti dövrlərdə Akkad imperiyasının zəifləməsi ilə müstəqil olmuş və şəhəri Fərat vadisinin mərkəzində yerləşən regional bir mərkəzə çevirmişdir. Şakkanakkular Mari şəhərini e.ə. XIX əsrin ikinci yarısına qədər idarə etmişdir. Şakkanakkuların süquta uğramasından sonra şəhəri əslən amorit olan Lim sülaləsi rəhbərlik etmişdir. Amoritlərin hakimiyyəti təxminən e.ə. 1761-ci ildə, Babilin şəhəri ələ keçirməsilə sona çatmışdır. Şəhər ellinistik dövrdə tərk edilmiş və unudulmuşdur.

Marililər həm sami, həm də ki Şumer ilahlarına sitayiş edirdilər. Buna baxmayaraq, şəhərin amoritlərdən əvvəlki dövrləri Şumer mədəniyyəti ilə olan sıx bağlantısı ilə səciyyələndirilirdi. Amoritlər əraziyə e.ə. XXI əsrdə məskunlaşmağa başlayan samidilli bir xalq idi.

Mari şəhərini 1933-cü ildə kəşf edilmişdir. Bu şəhər qədim Mesopotamiya və Suriyanın coğrafi-siyasi xəritəsini yaratmaqda çox böyük bir rol oynamışdır. Şəhərdə aşkar edilən 25.000-dən çox gil lövhədə dövlətin idarəsi və regiondakı dövlətlərin diplomatik münasibətlərinin təbiəti haqqında məlumat verilmişdir. Onlar həmçinin, Əfqanıstan, Cənub-Şərqi Asiya və Krit kimi uzaq regionları bir-birlərinə bağlayan XVIII əsrin geniş ticarət yollarını işıq üzünə çıxarmışdılar.

Etimologiya

Şəhərin adı Yuxarı Mesopotamiya və Suriyada yaşayan xalqın sitayiş etdiyi qədim qasırğa ilahı olan Merə qədər gedib çıxır. O, şəhərin qoruyucu ilahı hesab edilirdi. Corc Dossin qeyd etmişdir ki, şəhərin adı onun adın ilə eyni yazılırdı və sırf buna görə də şəhər onun şərəfinə adlandırılmışdır.

İndiki vəziyyət

Qazıntı işləri 2011-ci ildə başlamış və bu günə kimi davam edən Suriyada vətəndaş müharibəsi səbəbilə dayandırılmışdır. Yaşayış məntəqəsi silahlı qruplaşmaların nəzarəti altına girmiş və böyükmiqyaslı yağmalara məruz qalmışdır. 2014-cü ildə yayımlanmış rəsmi hesabata görə, yağmaçıların diqqət mərkəzində kral sarayı, ictimai hamamlar, İştar və Daqanın məbədləri idi.

Mənbə

İstinadlar

  1. Qrin, 2003. səh. 62
  2. Oldenburq, 1969. səh. 60
  3. Saymons, 2016
  4. Kokbörn, 2014

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  • Thompson, Thomas L. (2007). "A Testimony of the Good King: Reading the Mesha Stela". In Grabbe, Lester L. (ed.). Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty. T&T Clark International. ISBN 978-0-567-04540-9.
  • Van De Mieroop, Marc (2002). "Foreign Contacts and the Rise of an Elite in Early Dynastic Babylonia". In Ehrenberg, Erica (ed.). Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-055-2.
  • Van De Mieroop, Marc (2007) [2005]. King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography. Blackwell Ancient Lives. 19. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-470-69534-0.
  • Van De Mieroop, Marc (2011) [2003]. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. 6 (2). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4443-2709-0.
  • Van Der Meer, Petrus (1955) [1947]. The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt. Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui. 2 (2). Brill. OCLC 4727997.
  • Van Der Toorn, Karel (1996). Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life. Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East. 7. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10410-5. ISSN 0169-9024.
  • Viollet, Pierre-Louis (2007) [2005]. Water Engineering in Ancient Civilizations: 5,000 Years of History. IAHR Monographs. 7. Holly, Forrest M. tərəfindən tərcümə olunub. CRC Press. ISBN 978-90-78046-05-9.
  • Walton, John H. (1990) [1989]. Ancient Israelite Literature in Its Cultural Context: A Survey of Parallels Between Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-310-36591-4.
  • Wossink, Arne (2009). Challenging Climate Change: Competition and Cooperation Among Pastoralists and Agriculturalists in Northern Mesopotamia (c. 3000–1600 BC). Sidestone Press. ISBN 978-90-8890-031-0.

Xarici keçidlər

  Vikianbarda Mari ilə əlaqəli mediafayllar var.
  • Mari — Suriya Ərəb Respublikası Mədəniyyət Nazirliyinin rəsmi saytında. (ərəb.)
  • Syrie – Mari — Britannika Ensiklopediyasıında. (ing.)

Avqust 08, 2021
mari, suriya, adın, digər, istifadə, formaları, üçün, mari, mari, təll, həriri, ərəb, تل, حريري, indiki, suriyada, qədim, sami, şəhəri, şəhərin, xarabalıqları, fərat, çayının, qərb, sahilində, yerləşən, əbu, kamal, şəhərindən, kilometr, deyr, şəhərindən, kilom. Bu adin diger istifade formalari ucun bax Mari Mari ve ya Tell Heriri ereb تل حريري indiki Suriyada qedim sami seheri Seherin xarabaliqlari Ferat cayinin qerb sahilinde yerlesen Ebu Kamal seherinden 11 kilometr 6 8 mil Deyr ez Zor seherinden 120 kilometr 75 mil uzaqliqdaki bir tell uzerinde yerlesir Seher e e 2900 ve e e 1759 cu illerde ticaret merkezi ve hegemon dovlet kimi ciceklenmisdir Seherin salinmasinin sebebi Ferat cayi uzerindeki ticaret yollarinin merkezinde yerlesmesi idi Bu seheri Sumer ve Levant arasina salmisdir MariMari34 32 58 sm e 40 53 24 s u Alternativ adi Tell HeririYer SuriyaRegion Yaxin SerqErazi 60 hectare 150 acre TarixEsasi qoyulub e e XXX esrTerk edilib e e XXVI esr e e XXIII esrEra tunc dovruMedeniyyetler samidilliElaqeli Ebla Sumer Akkad BabilYer qeydleriQazinti zamani 1933Arxeoloqlar Andre ParrotVeziyyeti terk edilmisMexsusluq ictimaiMari Vikianbarda elaqeli mediafayllarMari ilk defe e e XXVI esrin ortalarinda terk edilmisdir lakin daha sonra e e 2500 ci illerde berpa edilmis hegemon bir sami dovletinin paytaxtina cevrilmisdir Ikinci Mari reqibi Ebla ile uzunmuddetli bir muharibeye girimisdir ve Sumer medeniyyetine olan yaxinligi taninir Seher yeniden e e XXIII esrde Akkad imperiyasi terefinden mehv edilmisdir Akkadlilar daha sonra seherin berpa edilmesine icaze vermis sehere Sakkanakku titulunu dasiyan bir herbi qubernator teyin etmisdir Bu qubernatorlar novbeti dovrlerde Akkad imperiyasinin zeiflemesi ile musteqil olmus ve seheri Ferat vadisinin merkezinde yerlesen regional bir merkeze cevirmisdir Sakkanakkular Mari seherini e e XIX esrin ikinci yarisina qeder idare etmisdir Sakkanakkularin suquta ugramasindan sonra seheri eslen amorit olan Lim sulalesi rehberlik etmisdir Amoritlerin hakimiyyeti texminen e e 1761 ci ilde Babilin seheri ele kecirmesile sona catmisdir Seher ellinistik dovrde terk edilmis ve unudulmusdur Marililer hem sami hem de ki Sumer ilahlarina sitayis edirdiler Buna baxmayaraq seherin amoritlerden evvelki dovrleri Sumer medeniyyeti ile olan six baglantisi ile seciyyelendirilirdi Amoritler eraziye e e XXI esrde meskunlasmaga baslayan samidilli bir xalq idi Mari seherini 1933 cu ilde kesf edilmisdir Bu seher qedim Mesopotamiya ve Suriyanin cografi siyasi xeritesini yaratmaqda cox boyuk bir rol oynamisdir Seherde askar edilen 25 000 den cox gil lovhede dovletin idaresi ve regiondaki dovletlerin diplomatik munasibetlerinin tebieti haqqinda melumat verilmisdir Onlar hemcinin Efqanistan Cenub Serqi Asiya ve Krit kimi uzaq regionlari bir birlerine baglayan XVIII esrin genis ticaret yollarini isiq uzune cixarmisdilar Mundericat 1 Etimologiya 2 Indiki veziyyet 3 Menbe 3 1 Istinadlar 3 2 Edebiyyat 4 Xarici kecidlerEtimologiya RedakteSeherin adi Yuxari Mesopotamiya ve Suriyada yasayan xalqin sitayis etdiyi qedim qasirga ilahi olan Mere qeder gedib cixir O seherin qoruyucu ilahi hesab edilirdi 1 Corc Dossin qeyd etmisdir ki seherin adi onun adin ile eyni yazilirdi ve sirf buna gore de seher onun serefine adlandirilmisdir 2 Indiki veziyyet RedakteQazinti isleri 2011 ci ilde baslamis ve bu gune kimi davam eden Suriyada vetendas muharibesi sebebile dayandirilmisdir 3 Yasayis menteqesi silahli qruplasmalarin nezareti altina girmis ve boyukmiqyasli yagmalara meruz qalmisdir 2014 cu ilde yayimlanmis resmi hesabata gore yagmacilarin diqqet merkezinde kral sarayi ictimai hamamlar Istar ve Daqanin mebedleri idi 4 Menbe RedakteIstinadlar Redakte Qrin 2003 seh 62 Oldenburq 1969 seh 60 Saymons 2016 Kokborn 2014 Edebiyyat Redakte Akkermans Peter M M G Schwartz Glenn M 2003 The Archaeology of Syria From Complex Hunter Gatherers to Early Urban Societies c 16 000 300 BC Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 79666 8 Archi Alfonso Biga Maria Giovanna 2003 A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla Journal of Cuneiform Studies The American Schools of Oriental Research 55 ISSN 2325 6737 Armstrong James A 1996 Sumer and Akkad In Fagan Brian M ed The Oxford Companion to Archaeology Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 507618 9 Aruz Joan Wallenfels Ronald eds 2003 Art of the First Cities The Third Millennium B C from the Mediterranean to the Indus Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 978 1 58839 043 1 Astour Michael C 2002 A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla Part 2 In Gordon Cyrus Herzl Rendsburg Gary eds Eblaitica Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language 4 Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 1 57506 060 6 Aubet Maria Eugenia 2013 Commerce and Colonization in the Ancient Near East Turton Mary terefinden tercume olunub Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 51417 0 Bertman Stephen 2005 2003 Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 518364 1 Black Jeremy Cunningham Graham Robson Eleanor Zolyomi Gabor 2004 The Literature of Ancient Sumer Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 926311 0 Bonatz Dominik Kuhne Hartmut Mahmoud Asʻad 1998 Rivers and Steppes Cultural Heritage and Environment of the Syrian Jezireh Catalogue to the Museum of Deir ez Zor Damascus Ministry of Culture Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums OCLC 41317024 Bretschneider Joachim Van Vyve Anne Sophie Leuven Greta Jans 2009 War of the lords The Battle of Chronology Trying to Recognize Historical Iconography in the 3rd Millennium Glyptic Art in seals of Ishqi Mari and from Beydar Ugarit Forschungen Ugarit Verlag 41 ISBN 978 3 86835 042 5 Bryce Trevor 2009 The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 15908 6 Bryce Trevor 2014 Ancient Syria A Three Thousand Year History Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 100292 2 Burns Ross 2009 1992 Monuments of Syria A Guide revised I B Tauris ISBN 978 0 85771 489 3 Charpin Dominique 2011 Patron and Client Zimri Lim and Asqudum the Diviner In Radner Karen Robson Eleanor eds The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 955730 1 Charpin Dominique 2012 2003 Hammurabi of Babylon I B Tauris ISBN 978 1 84885 752 0 Chavalas Mark 2005 The Age of Empires 3100 900 BCE In Snell Daniel C ed A Companion to the Ancient Near East Blackwell Publishing ISBN 978 1 4051 3739 3 Chew Sing C 2007 The Recurring Dark Ages Ecological Stress Climate Changes and System Transformation Trilogy on world ecological degradation 2 Altamira Press ISBN 978 0 7591 0452 5 Cockburn Patrick February 11 2014 The Destruction of the Idols Syria s Patrimony at Risk From Extremists The Independent Istifade tarixi January 6 2017 Cohen Mark E 1993 The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East CDL Press The University Press of Maryland ISBN 978 1 883053 00 0 Cohen Yoram 2013 George Andrew R ed Wisdom from the Late Bronze Age Writings from the Ancient World 34 Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta ISBN 978 1 58983 754 6 Cooper Jerrold S 1986 Presargonic Inscriptions Sumerian and Akkadian Royal Inscriptions 1 American Oriental Society ISBN 978 0 940490 82 6 Cooper Jerrold S 1999 Sumerian and Semitic Writing in Most Ancient Syro Mesopotamia In van Lerberghe Karel Voet Gabriela eds Languages and Cultures in Contact At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro Mesopotamian realm Proceedings of the 42th RAI Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 92 Peeters Publishers amp Department of Oriental Studies Leuven ISBN 978 90 429 0719 5 Crawford Harriet ed 2013 The Sumerian World Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 21912 2 Dalley Stephanie 2002 1984 Mari and Karana Two Old Babylonian Cities 2 Gorgias Press ISBN 978 1 931956 02 4 Daniels Brian I Hanson Katryn 2015 Archaeological Site Looting in Syria and Iraq A Review of the Evidence In Desmarais France ed Countering Illicit Traffic in Cultural Goods The Global Challenge of Protecting the World s Heritage The International Council of Museums ISBN 978 92 9012 415 3 Darke Diana 2010 2006 Syria 2 Bradt Travel Guides ISBN 978 1 84162 314 6 DeVries LaMoine F 2006 Cities of the Biblical World An Introduction to the Archaeology Geography and History of Biblical Sites Wipf and Stock Publishers ISBN 978 1 55635 120 4 Dolce Rita 2008 Ebla before the Achievement of Palace G Culture An Evaluation of the Early Syrian Archaic Period In Kuhne Hartmut Czichon Rainer Maria Kreppner Florian Janoscha eds Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 29 March 3 April 2004 Freie Universitat Berlin 2 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 05757 8 Dougherty Beth K Ghareeb Edmund A 2013 Woronoff Jon ed Historical Dictionary of Iraq Historical Dictionaries of Asia Oceania and the Middle East 2 Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 7942 3 Evans Jean M 2012 The Lives of Sumerian Sculpture An Archaeology of the Early Dynastic Temple Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 78942 4 Feliu Lluis 2003 The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria Watson Wilfred GE terefinden tercume olunub Brill ISBN 978 90 04 13158 3 Finer Samuel Edward 1997 Ancient monarchies and empires The History of Government from the Earliest Times 1 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 820664 4 Fleming Daniel E 2004 Prophets and Temple Personnel in the Mari Archives In Grabbe Lester L Bellis Alice Ogden eds The Priests in the Prophets The Portrayal of Priests Prophets and Other Religious Specialists in the Latter Prophets T amp T Clark International ISBN 978 0 567 40187 8 Fleming Daniel E 2012 The Legacy of Israel in Judah s Bible History Politics and the Reinscribing of Tradition Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 53687 5 Fowden Garth 2014 Before and After Muhammad The First Millennium Refocused Princeton University Press ISBN 978 1 4008 4816 4 Frayne Douglas 1990 Old Babylonian Period 2003 1595 BC The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods 4 University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 5873 7 Frayne Douglas 2001 In Abraham s Footsteps In Daviau Paulette Maria Michele Wevers John W Weigl Michael eds The World of the Aramaeans 1 Biblical Studies in Honour of Paul Eugene Dion Sheffield Academic Press ISBN 978 0 567 20049 5 Frayne Douglas 2008 Pre Sargonic Period Early Periods 2700 2350 BC The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods 1 University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 1 4426 9047 9 Gadd Cyril John 1971 The Cities of Babylonia In Edwards Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Gadd Cyril John Hammond Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere eds Part 2 Early History of the Middle East The Cambridge Ancient History Second Revised Series 1 3 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 07791 0 Gates Charles 2003 Ancient Cities The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt Greece and Rome Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 67662 0 Grabbe Lester L 2004 Introduction and Overview In Grabbe Lester L Bellis Alice Ogden eds The Priests in the Prophets The Portrayal of Priests Prophets and Other Religious Specialists in the Latter Prophets T amp T Clark International ISBN 978 0 567 40187 8 Grayson Albert Kirk 1972 Assyrian Royal Inscriptions Records of the Ancient Near East 1 From the Beginning to Ashur Resha Ishi I Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 01382 6 ISSN 0340 8450 Green Alberto Ravinell Whitney 2003 The Storm god in the Ancient Near East Biblical and Judaic studies from the University of California San Diego 8 Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 1 57506 069 9 Haldar Alfred 1971 Who Were the Amorites Monographs on the ancient Near East 1 Brill OCLC 2656977 Hamblin William J 2006 Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 52062 6 Harris Rivkah 2003 2000 Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia The Gilgamesh Epic and Other Ancient Literature University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 0 8061 3539 7 Hasselbach Rebecca 2005 Sargonic Akkadian A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 05172 9 Heimpel Wolfgang 2003 Letters to the King of Mari A New Translation with Historical Introduction Notes and Commentary Mesopotamian civilizations 12 Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 1 57506 080 4 ISSN 1059 7867 Heintz Jean Georges Bodi Daniel Millot Lison 1990 Bibliographie de Mari Archeologie et Textes 1933 1988 Travaux du Groupe de Recherches et d Etudes Semitiques Anciennes G R E S A Universite des Sciences Humaines de Strasbourg fransiz 3 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 03009 0 Kramer Samuel Noah 2010 1963 The Sumerians Their History Culture and Character University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 45232 6 Kupper Jean Robert 1973 Northern Mesopotamia and Syria In Edwards Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Gadd Cyril John Hammond Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Sollberger Edmond eds Part 1 The Middle East and the Aegean Region c 1800 1380 BC The Cambridge Ancient History Second Revised Series 2 3 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 05426 3 Larsen Mogens Trolle 2008 The Middle Bronze Age In Aruz Joan Benzel Kim Evans Jean M eds Beyond Babylon Art Trade and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B C Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 978 1 58839 295 4 Launderville Dale 2003 Piety and Politics The Dynamics of Royal Authority in Homeric Greece Biblical Israel and Old Babylonian Mesopotamia William B Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 978 0 8028 3994 7 Leick Gwendolyn 2002 Who s Who in the Ancient Near East Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 78796 8 Liverani Mario 2013 The Ancient Near East History Society and Economy Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 75084 9 Maisels Charles Keith 2005 1990 The Emergence of Civilisation From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture Cities and the State of the Near East Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 86328 0 Malamat Abraham 1980 A Mari Prophecy and Nathan s Dynastic Oracle In Emerton John Adney ed Prophecy Essays presented to Georg Fohrer on his Sixty Fifth Birthday Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 150 Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 083741 4 Malamat Abraham 1998 Mari and the Bible Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East 12 Brill ISBN 978 90 04 10863 9 ISSN 0169 9024 Margueron Jean Claude 1992 The 1979 1982 Excavations at Mari New Perspectives and Results In Young Gordon Douglas ed Mari in Retrospect Fifty Years of Mari and Mari Studies Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 0 931464 28 7 Margueron Jean Claude 2003 Mari and the Syro Mesopotamian World In Aruz Joan Wallenfels Ronald eds Art of the First Cities The Third Millennium B C from the Mediterranean to the Indus Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 978 1 58839 043 1 Margueron Jean Claude 2013 The Kingdom of Mari In Crawford Harriet ed The Sumerian World Crawford Harriet terefinden tercume olunub Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 21912 2 Matthews Victor Harold Benjamin Don C 2006 1994 Old Testament Parallels Laws and Stories from the Ancient Near East 3 Paulist Press ISBN 978 0 8091 4435 8 Matthiae Paolo 2003 Ebla and the Early Urbanization of Syria In Aruz Joan Wallenfels Ronald eds Art of the First Cities The Third Millennium B C from the Mediterranean to the Indus Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 978 1 58839 043 1 McLerran Dan September 13 2011 Ancient Mesopotamian City in Need of Rescue Popular Archaeology Magazine November 5 2016 tarixinde orijinalindan arxivlesdirilib Istifade tarixi January 6 2017 McMahon Augusta 2013 North Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium BC In Crawford Harriet ed The Sumerian World Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 21912 2 Michalowski Piotr 1993 Memory and Deed The Historiography of the Political Expansion of the Akkad State In Liverani Mario ed Akkad the First World Empire Structure Ideology Traditions History of the Ancient Near East Studies 5 Padua S a r g o n Editrice Libreria OCLC 32011634 Michalowski Piotr 1995 Van Lerberghe Karel Schoors Antoon eds Immigration and Emigration Within the Ancient Near East Festschrift E Lipinski Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 65 Peeters Publishers amp Department of Oriental Studies Leuven ISBN 978 90 6831 727 5 ISSN 0777 978X Michalowski Piotr 2000 Amorites In Freedman David Noel Myers Allen C eds Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 978 90 5356 503 2 Michalowski Piotr 2003 The Earliest Scholastic Tradition In Aruz Joan Wallenfels Ronald eds Art of the First Cities The Third Millennium B C from the Mediterranean to the Indus Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 978 1 58839 043 1 Nadali Davide 2007 Monuments of War War of Monuments Some Considerations on Commemorating War in the Third Millennium BC Orientalia Pontificium Institutum Biblicum 76 4 OCLC 557711946 Nemet Nejat Karen Rhea 1998 Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Daily Life Through History Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 29497 6 ISSN 1080 4749 Nissinen Martti Seow Choon Leong Ritner Robert Kriech 2003 Machinist Peter ed Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East Writings from the Ancient World 12 Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta ISBN 978 1 58983 027 1 Ochterbeek Cynthia 1996 Dan In Berney Kathryn Ann Ring Trudy Watson Noelle Hudson Christopher La Boda Sharon eds Middle East and Africa 4 International Dictionary of Historic Places Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 25993 9 Oldenburg Ulf 1969 The Conflict between El and Ba al in Canaanite Religion Dissertationes ad Historiam Religionum Pertinentes 3 Brill ISSN 0419 4233 OCLC 63449 Oliva Juan 2008 Textos Para Una Historia Politica de Siria Palestina I ispan Ediciones Akal ISBN 978 84 460 1949 7 Otto Adelheid Biga Maria Giovanna 2010 Thoughts About the Identification of Tall Bazi with Armi of the Ebla Texts In Matthiae Paolo Pinnock Frances Nigro Lorenzo Marchetti Nicolo Romano Licia eds Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Near Eastern archaeology in the past present and future heritage and identity ethnoarchaeological and interdisciplinary approach results and perspectives visual expression and craft production in the definition of social relations and status 1 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 06175 9 Pardee Dennis Glass Jonathan T 1984 Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria The Mari Archives The Biblical Archaeologist The American Schools of Oriental Research 47 2 ISSN 2325 534X Pettinato Giovanni 1981 The archives of Ebla an empire inscribed in clay Doubleday ISBN 978 0 385 13152 0 Pitard Wayne T 2001 1998 Before Israel Syria Palestine in the Bronze Age In Coogan Michael David ed The Oxford History of the Biblical World revised Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 513937 2 Podany Amanda H 2010 Brotherhood of Kings How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 979875 9 Porter Anne 2012 Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations Weaving Together Society Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 76443 8 Riehl Simone Pustovoytov Konstantin Dornauer Aron Sallaberger Walther 2013 Mid to Late Holocene Agricultural System Transformations in the Northern Fertile Crescent A Review of the Archaeobotanical Geoarchaeological and Philological Evidence In Giosan Liviu Fuller Dorian Q Nicoll Kathleen Flad Rowan K Clift Peter D eds Climates Landscapes and Civilizations Geophysical Monograph Series 198 American Geophysical Union ISBN 978 0 87590 488 7 ISSN 0065 8448 Roux Georges 1992 1964 Ancient Iraq 3 Penguin Putnam ISBN 978 0 14 012523 8 Shaw Ian 1999 Mari In Shaw Ian Jameson Robert eds A Dictionary of Archaeology John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 470 75196 1 Sicker Martin 2000 The Pre Islamic Middle East Praeger ISBN 978 0 275 96890 8 Simons Marlise December 31 2016 Damaged by War Syria s Cultural Sites Rise Anew in France The New York Times Istifade tarixi January 6 2017 Smith Mark S 1995 The God Athtar in the Ancient Near East and His Place in KTU 1 6 I In Zevit Ziony Gitin Seymour Sokoloff Michael eds Solving Riddles and Untying Knots Biblical Epigraphic and Semitic Studies in Honor of Jonas C Greenfield Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 0 931464 93 5 Stieglitz Robert R 2002 The Deified Kings of Ebla In Gordon Cyrus Herzl Rendsburg Gary eds Eblaitica Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language 4 Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 1 57506 060 6 Strommenger Eva 1964 1962 5000 Years of the Art of Mesopotamia Haglund Christina terefinden tercume olunub Harry N Abrams OCLC 505796 Suriano Matthew J 2010 The Politics of Dead Kings Dynastic Ancestors in the Book of Kings and Ancient Israel Forschungen zum Alten Testament 48 Mohr Siebeck ISBN 978 3 16 150473 0 ISSN 1611 4914 Teissier Beatrice 1996 1995 Egyptian Iconography on Syro Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Series Archaeologica 11 University Press Fribourg Switzerland ISBN 978 3 525 53892 0 ISSN 1422 4399 Tetlow Elisabeth Meier 2004 Women Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society 1 The Ancient Near East Continuum ISBN 978 0 8264 1628 5 Thompson Thomas L 2007 A Testimony of the Good King Reading the Mesha Stela In Grabbe Lester L ed Ahab Agonistes The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty T amp T Clark International ISBN 978 0 567 04540 9 Van De Mieroop Marc 2002 Foreign Contacts and the Rise of an Elite in Early Dynastic Babylonia In Ehrenberg Erica ed Leaving No Stones Unturned Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P Hansen Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 1 57506 055 2 Van De Mieroop Marc 2007 2005 King Hammurabi of Babylon A Biography Blackwell Ancient Lives 19 Blackwell Publishing ISBN 978 0 470 69534 0 Van De Mieroop Marc 2011 2003 A History of the Ancient Near East ca 3000 323 BC Blackwell History of the Ancient World 6 2 Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1 4443 2709 0 Van Der Meer Petrus 1955 1947 The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 2 2 Brill OCLC 4727997 Van Der Toorn Karel 1996 Family Religion in Babylonia Ugarit and Israel Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East 7 Brill ISBN 978 90 04 10410 5 ISSN 0169 9024 Viollet Pierre Louis 2007 2005 Water Engineering in Ancient Civilizations 5 000 Years of History IAHR Monographs 7 Holly Forrest M terefinden tercume olunub CRC Press ISBN 978 90 78046 05 9 Walton John H 1990 1989 Ancient Israelite Literature in Its Cultural Context A Survey of Parallels Between Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Texts Zondervan Publishing House ISBN 978 0 310 36591 4 Wossink Arne 2009 Challenging Climate Change Competition and Cooperation Among Pastoralists and Agriculturalists in Northern Mesopotamia c 3000 1600 BC Sidestone Press ISBN 978 90 8890 031 0 Xarici kecidler Redakte Vikianbarda Mari ile elaqeli mediafayllar var Mari Suriya Ereb Respublikasi Medeniyyet Nazirliyinin resmi saytinda ereb Syrie Mari Britannika Ensiklopediyasiinda ing Menbe https az wikipedia org w index php title Mari Suriya amp oldid 6088902, wikipedia, oxu, kitab, kitabxana, axtar, tap, hersey,

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