Vikipediya azad ensiklopediya Qrikolar Vikianbarda əlaqəli mediafayllar Qrikolar yun Γκρίκο həmçinin qrekaniklər cənubi

Vikipediya azad ensiklopediya Qrikolar Vikianbarda elaqeli mediafayllar Qrikolar yun Gkriko hemcinin qrekanikler cenubi Italiyada yasayan etnik yunan icmasi Onlara esasen Kalabriya ve Apuliya Salento yarimadasi bolgelerinde rast gelinir Qrikolarin cenubi Italiyanin bir vaxtlar boyuk qedim ve orta esr yunan icmalarinin qaliqlari olduguna inanilir qedim Maqna Qrekiya vilayeti Buna baxmayaraq qriko icmasinin birbasa qedim Yunanlardan yaxud Bizans dovrunde daha yeni orta esr miqrasiyalarindan yoxsa her ikisinin birlesmesinden toremesi ile bagli alimler arasinda bezi mubahiseler var Qriko dilinin menseyi ile bagli uzun muddet davam eden mubahise onun menseyi haqqinda iki esas nezeriyye ile xarakterize olunur 1870 ci ilde Cuzeppe Morozi terefinden hazirlanmis ilk nezeriyyeye gore qriko Yunanistandan Salentoya Bizans dovrunde immiqrant dalgalari geldiyi zaman elinist koyn dilinden yaranmisdir Moroziden bir nece onillik sonra Gerhard Rohlfz Manks Hatsidakisin nezeriyyeleri esasinda iddia etmisdir ki qriko dili qedim yunan dilinden birbasa tekamule ugramis lokal variasiyadir Yunan xalqi minillikler boyu cenubi Italiyada yasayir Onlar evvelce Cenubi Italiyaya coxsayli miqrasiya dalgalari ile gelmisdir Bunlar e e VIII esrde cenubi Italiya ve Siciliyanin qedim yunanlar terefinden kolonizasiya edilmesi ile baslamis XV esrde Osmanli terefinden feth edilmenin yaratdigi Bizans yunan koclerine qeder davam etmisdir Orta esrlerde yunan regional icmalari tecrid olunmus anklavlara cevrilmisdir Cenubi Italiyanin yunan sakinlerinin ekseriyyeti italyanlasmis ve esrler boyu yerli romandilli ehali terefinden menimsenilmisdi lakin qriko icmasi oz orijinal yunan kimliyini irsini dilini ve ferqli medeniyyetini qoruyub saxlaya bilmisdir Buna baxmayaraq kutlevi informasiya vasitelerine meruz qalma onlarin medeniyyetini ve dilini tedricen asindirmisdir Aspromonteden olan Kalabriya yunanlarinin genetikasi ile bagli aparilan bir arasdirmada onlarin Italiyanin cenubundaki diger populyasiyalarindan tecrid olunmus ve ferqli olduqlari askar edilmisdir Bundan elave hem qrikolarin hem de diger cenub Italiya ehalisinin ecdadlari qedim Yunanistanin Maqna Qrekiya yasayis menteqesinden oldugu askar edilmisdir Qrikolar enenevi olaraq yunan dilinin bir formasi olan taliya yunancasinaa dnisir Son illerde qriko dilinde danisan qrikolarin sayi xeyli azalmisdir Genc qrikolarin coxu italyan diline kecmisdir Indiki dovrde qrikolarin coxu Etnonim span Qriko adi Italiya yarimadasindaki yunanlarin enenevi adindan goturulmusdur Efsaneye gore bu adin menseyi Qrekden adini almis qedim yunan tayfasi olan qreklerden esaslanir Onlar Italiyani mustemleke eden ilk yunan tayfalarindan biri idiler Maqna Qresiya kimi taninmaga baslayan erazi oz adini onlardan almisdir Latinlar bu termini butun ellin xalqlarina munasibetde istifade edirdiler cunki ilk temasda olduqlari yunanlar qrekler idi Basqa bir fikir ondan ibaretdir ki Grῆkos a etnonimi linqvistik baximdan ne latin dilindeki Graecus ne de yunan dilindeki Graikos sozunden emele gelmir Iddiaya gore bu qedim italyan qonsularinin Romadan evvelki dovrlerde yerli yunan danisanlari ucun istifade etdiyi termin ola biler Buna baxmayaraq sozugeden ferziyye qebul edilmir Yayilma span Salento ve Kalabriyadaki qrikodilli bolgeler Boveziyada yunandilli erazi cox dagliq sahede yerlesir ve orada asanliqla hereket etmek olmur Son zamanlar bu erazinin ilk sakinlerinin bir cox nesli daglari terk ederek sahil kenarinda meskunlasmisdir Kalabriyada yasayan qrikodilliler Bova Superiore Bova Marina Rokkaforte del Qreko Kondofuri Palitsi Qallisiyano ve Melito di Porto Salvo kendlerinde yasayirlar 1999 cu ilde Italiya Parlamenti 482 sayli Qanunla tarixi qriko erazilerini Palitsi San Lorenso Staiti Samo Montebello Yoniko Bakaladi Motta San Covanni Brankaleone ve Reccio seherlerini ehate edecek sekilde genislendirmisdir Apuliyanin Qrekiya Salentina bolgesinde yasayan qrikodilli ehaliye Kalimera Martinyano Martano Sternatiya Tsollino Korilnyiano d Otranto Soleto Melpinyano ve Kastrinyano dei Qreki kendlerinde rast gelinir Buna baxmayaraq bezi erazilerde qrikodilli ehali yoxa cixir Bu iki bolgeden kenarda qriko xalqinin meskunlasdigi seherlerde qriko dili bilikleri demek olar ki tamamile itmisdir Bu esasen XIX XX vermisdi Qriko dilinin biliyini itirmis bezi seherlere Kalabriyada yerlesen Kardeto Montebello San Pantaleone ve Santa Katerina seherleri daxildir XIX esrin evvellerinde Qrekiya Salentina bolgesinin bugunku doqquz yunandilli seheri Decatria Choria ta Dekatria Xwria theraen seherlerinin bir hissesini teskil edirdi Bunlar yunan dilini ve adet enenelerini qoruyub saxlayan Terra d Otranto seherleri idi Daha uzaq bir dovrde yunan dilinde Galatina Galatone Gallipoli ve Apuliyanin bir cox diger yerlerinde danisilirdi Bundanabasqa labriyadaki Catanzaro ve Kosenzada genis yayilmis yunan ehalisi de dabu nili disirdi Resmi status span Calimera Puglia da Qriko lehcesinde daxil olun 1999 cu il tarixli 482 sayli qanunla Italiya parlamentinde eccio Kalabriyako icmalarida yasayan q yunan etnik dil azligi kimi tanidi Bu qanun Italiyadaalban katalan german yunan sloven ve xorvat ehalisinin ve fransiz provans friul ladin oksitan ve sardin dillerinde danisanlarin dilini ve medeniyyetini qorudugunu bildirmisdir Messina Osmanli imperiyasinin genislenmesinden qacarken 1533 1534 cu iller arasinda Peloponnesden gelmis kicik bir yunandilli azliga ev sahibliyi udir Onlar 2012 ci ilde resmi sekilde taninmisdilar Dini span Serq ve Qerb kilselerinin ayrilmasindan evvel qrikolar Bizans ayinine sadiq qalan katolik idiler Papa VII Iohann ve Antipapa Ioann XVI kimi cenubi Italiyanin bezi yunanlari kilsede guc movqelerine yuksele bilmisdiler XI esrde normanlar Italiyanin cenubunu ele kecirmis ve tezlikle Bizansin sonuncu forpostu Bari onlar terefinden isgal edilmisdir Onlar latinlasdirma prosesine baslamisdilars Yunan ruhanileri neticede kutlevi merasimler ucun latin dilini qebul etmeli olmusdular Buna baxmayaraq yunanlarin Latin ayinine muqavimeti Kalabriyada uzanmisdit 1093 1096 ci ile qeder Kozentsa ve Bisinyano kimi yerlerde latin prelatlari yaradilmanisdir 1093 cu ilde norman krali I Rocer Rossanoda yasayan yunan ehalisi uzerinde Latin arxiyepiskopu teyin etmeye cehd gostermis lakin bu tamamile ugursuz olmusdur Bunun evezinde Bizans ayininin berpasi lehine usyan bas vermisdir Krotone Bova ve Gerakede ruhaniler latin yepiskoplarinin tabeliyinde olsalar da yunan liturgiyasindan istifade etmeye davam etmisdiler Normanlarin xalqin latinlasmasina daha az gergin munasibet beslediyi Salentoda qriko xalqi yunan dilinde danismaga ve Bizans ayinini qeyd etmeye davam edirdi Hem Kalabriya hem de Salentodaki bezi qrikolar XIII XIV esrlere qeder Bizans ayininin terefdarlari olaraq qalmisdilar Indiki dovrde qrikolar Latin ayinine riayet eden katoliklerdir Metbex span Salento ve Kalabriyanin enenevi metbexi qriko medeniyyetinden cox tesirlenmisdir Qrikolar enenevi olaraq denli bitkiler terevezler zeytun ve paxlalilar istehsalcilaridir Yerli qriko metbexi regional Italiya ehalisinin metbexinden cox da ferqlenmir lakin onlar arasinda lokal ferqler movcuddur Onlarin arasinda bir cox tipik qriko yemekleri hele de istifade olunur Istinadlar span Brisbane Albert Mellen Abigail Stallsmith Allaire Brisbane The European travel diaries of 1830 1832 discovering Fourierism for America Edwin Mellen Press 2005 seh 111 ISBN 9780773460706 In Calabria there still exist people called Grecanici who speak a dialect of Greek and practice the Orthodox Christian faith F Violi Lessico Grecanico Italiano Grecanico Apodiafazzi 1997 Paolo Martino L isola grecanica dell Aspromonte Filippo Violi Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica C S E 1992 Filippo Condemi Grammatica Grecanica Coop In Salento e Calabria le voci della minoranza linguistica greca Treccani il portale del sapere 9 iyul 2017 tarixinde arxivlesdirilib Istifade tarixi 13 aprel 2025 Borntrager Ekkehard W Borders ethnicity and national self determination Braumuller 1999 seh 16 ISBN 9783700312413 the process of socio cultural alienation is still much further advanced those ethnic groups that are not or only symbolically protected This also applies to the southern Italian Grecanici ethnic Greeks who at least cannot complain of any lack of linguistic publicity PARDO DE SANTAYANA MANUEL Pieroni Andrea Puri Rajindra K Ethnobotany in the new Europe people health and wild plant resources Berghahn Books 2010 173 174 ISBN 9781845454562 The ethnic Greek minorities living in southern Italy today exemplify the establishment of independent and permanent colonial settlements of Greeks in history Bekerman Zvi Kopelowitz Ezra Cultural education cultural sustainability minority diaspora indigenous and ethno religious groups in multicultural societies Routledge 2008 seh 390 ISBN 9780805857245 Griko Milume This reaction was even more pronounced in the southern Italian communities of Greek origins There are two distinct clusters in and which have managed to preserve their language Griko or Grecanico all through the historical events that have shaped Italy While being Italian citizens they are actually aware of their Greek roots and again the defense of their language is the key to their identity Danver Steven L Native Peoples of the World An Encyclopedia of Groups Cultures and Contemporary Issues Routledge 2015 seh 316 ISBN 9781317464006 Some 46 000 ethnic Greeks in Italy are descendants of the Greek settlers that colonized Sicily and southern Italy up to the Gulf of Naples in antiquity At that time most of the Greek population lived in what is now Italian territory in areas of settlement that were referred to as Magna Graecia or Greater Greece Of the modern Greeks living in that region only about one third still speak Greek while the rest have adopted Italian as their first language Hardy Paula Hole Abigail Pozzan Olivia Puglia amp Basilicata Lonely Planet 2008 153 154 ISBN 9781741790894 THE GREEK SALENTINE The Greek Salentine is a historical oddity left over from a time when the Byzantine Empire controlled southern Italy and Greek culture was the order of the day It is a cluster of nine towns Calimera Castrignano dei Greci Corigliano d Otranto Martano Martignano Melpignano Soleto Sternatia and Zollino in the heart of Terra d Otranto Why this pocket of Apulia has retained its Greek heritage is not altogether clear Sakalis Alex Teli na cusi tin glossa grika Kathimerini 14 fevral 2024 10 aprel 2025 tarixinde arxivlesdirilib Istifade tarixi 25 mart 2025 Sarno Stefania Petrilli Rosalba Abondio Paolo De Giovanni Andrea Boattini Alessio Sazzini Marco De Fanti Sara Cilli Elisabetta Ciani Graziella Gentilini Davide Pettener Davide Romeo Giovanni Giuliani Cristina Luiselli Donata Genetic history of Calabrian Greeks reveals ancient events and long term isolation in the Aspromonte area of Southern Italy Scientific Reports 11 1 4 fevral 2021 3045 doi 10 1038 s41598 021 82591 9 PMC 7862261 bad pmc PMID 33542324 bad pmid PubMed vasitesile Commission of the European Communities Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana Linguistic minorities in countries belonging to the European community summary report Commission of the European Communities 1986 seh 87 ISBN 9789282558508 In Italy Greek known locally as Griko is spoken today in two small linguistic islands of southern Italy The dialects of these two linguistic islands correspond for the most part as regards morphology phonetics syntax and lexis to the neoclassical dialects of Greece but they also present some interesting archaic characteristics This has led to much discussion on the origins of the Greek speaking community in southern Italy according to some scholars G Morosi and C Battisti Greek in this area is not a direct continuation of the ancient Greek community but is due to Byzantine domination 535 1071 whereas for other scholars Rohlfs etc the Greek community of southern Italy is directly linked to the community of Magna Grecia Morosi Giuseppe Sui dialetti greci della terra d Otranto Lecce 1870 Griko and Modern Greek in Grecia Salentina an overview 19 2015 Jaeger Werner Wilhelm Scripta minora Volume 2 Edizioni di storia e letteratura 1960 seh 361 OCLC 311270347 It began to dwindle in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries when the South became more and more Italianized and the Greek civilization of Calabria no longer found moral and political support in Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire Calcagno Anne Morris Jan Travelers Tales Italy True Stories Travelers Tales 2001 seh 319 ISBN 9781885211729 Mass media has steadily eroded the Grecanico language and culture which the Italian government despite Article 6 of the Italian Constitution that mandates the preservation of ethnic minorities does little to protect Genetic history of Calabrian Greeks reveals ancient events and long term isolation in the Aspromonte area of Southern Italy Arxiv sureti 27 mart 2025 tarixinden Wayback Machine saytinda Comparisons with modern and ancient populations highlighted ancient long lasting genetic links with Eastern Mediterranean and Caucasian Near Eastern groups as ancestral sources of Southern Italians Our results suggest that the Aspromonte communities might be interpreted as genetically drifted remnants that departed from such ancient genetic background as a consequence of long term isolation Specific patterns of population structuring and higher levels of genetic drift were indeed observed in these populations reflecting geographic isolation amplified by cultural differences in the groups that still conserve the Greco language Moseley Christopher Encyclopedia of the world s endangered languages Routledge 2007 seh 248 ISBN 9780700711970 Griko also called Italiot Greek Italy spoken in the Salento peninsula in Lecce Province in southern Apulia and in a few villages near Reggio di Calabria in southern Calabria Griko is an outlying dialect of Greek largely deriving from Byzantine times The Salentine dialect is still used relatively widely and there may be a few child speakers but a shift to South Italian has proceeded rapidly and active speakers tend to be over fifty years old The Calabrian dialect is only used more actively in the village of Gaddhiciano but even there youngest speakers are over thirty years old The number of speakers lies in the range of 20 000 South Italian influence has been strong for a long time Severely Endangered Safran L The Medieval Salento Art and Identity in Southern Italy p 215 Marcato Gianna L Italia dei dialetti atti del convegno Sappada Plodn Belluno 27 giugno 1 luglio 2007 Unipress 2008 seh 299 ISBN 9788880982425 L enclave greco calabra si estende sul territorio aspromontano della provincia di Reggio Condofuri Amendolea Galliciano Roccaforte e il suo Chorio Rochudi e il suo Chorio Bova sono i comuni della valle dell Amendolea a ridosso dello stretto di Messina la cui parlata greca insieme a quella di Cardeto e stata documentata a partire dal XIX secolo Con la legge 482 del 1999 il territorio della minoranza storica si allarga a Bova Marina Palizzi San Lorenzo Melito Porto Salvo Staiti Samo Montebello Jonico Bagaladi Motta San Giovanni Brancaleone alla stessa citta di Reggio di queste comunita non si possiede circa l alloglossia alcun dato Per quel che riguarda l enclave tradizionale invece la varieta e ormai uscita fuori dall uso comunitario ovunque gli studi linguistici condotti sull area ne segnalano la progressive dismissione gia a partire dagli anni 50 Oggi non ai puo sentire parlare in Greco che su richiesta il dialetto romanzo e il mezzo di comunicazzione abituale Cazzato Mario Costantini Antonio Grecia Salentina Arte Cultura e Territorio Congedo Editore 1996 seh 313 ISBN 88 8086 118 2 Estensione della lingua greca verso la fine del secolo XVIII The Academy Volume 4 J Murray Princeton University 1873 seh 198 Greek was also heard at Melpignano Curse Caprarica Cannole Cutrofiano and at a more remote period at Galatina Cazzato Mario Costantini Antonio Grecia Salentina Arte Cultura e Territorio Congedo Editore 1996 seh 34 ISBN 88 8086 118 2 49 Variazione territoriale della Grecia Salentina da B Spano Loud G A Metcalfe Alex The society of Norman Italy BRILL 2002 215 216 ISBN 9789004125414 In Calabria a Greek speaking population existed in Aspromonte even until recently a small Greek language community survived around Bova and even in the thirteenth century this extended into the plain beyond Aspromonte and into present provinces of Catanzaro and Cosenza Law no 482 of 1999 Arxiv sureti 12 may 2015 tarixinden Wayback Machine saytinda Arxivlesdirilib 2015 05 12 at the Wayback Machine La Repubblica tutela la lingua e la cultura delle popolazioni albanesi catalane germaniche greche slovene e croate e di quelle parlanti il francese il franco provenzale il friulano il ladino l occitano e il sardo Delimiting the territory of the Greek linguistic minority of Messina PDF 3 sentyabr 2013 tarixinde orijinalindan PDF arxivlesdirilib Istifade tarixi 12 may 2016 Zchomelidse Nino Art Ritual and Civic Identity in Medieval Southern Italy Nino M Zchomelidse 2014 ISBN 978 0 271 05973 0 Hardy Paula Abigail Hole Olivia Pozzan Puglia amp Basilicata Lonely Planet 2008 153 154 ISBN 9781741790894 Although Bari the last Byzantine outpost fell to the Normans in 1071 the Normans took a fairly laissez fair attitude to the Latinisation of Puglia Loud G A The Latin Church in Norman Italy Cambridge University Press 2007 126 127 ISBN 9780521255516 Certainly Roger s attempt to install a Latin archbishop on the overwhelmingly Greek population at Rossano in 1093 was a complete failure His nominee waited a year without receiving consecration seemingly because of local opposition and then needing the support of the inhabitants against a rebellious Norman baron the duke backed down and allowed the election of a Greek archbishop Levillain Philippe The Papacy Gaius Proxies Routledge 2002 638 639 ISBN 9780415922302 Latin bishops replaced Greeks in most sees with the exception of Bova Gerace and Oppido The Greek rite was practiced until 1537 in the Bova cathedral and until the 13th century in Santa Severina In Rossano in 1093 a riot kept a Latin bishop from being installed and the see remained Greek until 1460 In a Latinization attempt also failed in the early 12th century and that see was occupied by Greeks until the 1370s The Greek rite was practiced in Salento until the 17th century Hardy Paula Hole Abigail Pozzan Olivia Puglia amp Basilicata Lonely Planet 2008 153 154 ISBN 9781741790894 Madre Terra Terra Madre 1 600 Food Communities Slow Food Editore 2007 seh 381 ISBN 9788884991188 Greek speaking people who speak griko a dialect of Greek origin There is a community of producers of cereals vegetables legumes and olives and bread makers who still make a traditional type of bread by hand called sceblasti Madre Terra Terra Madre 1 600 Food Communities Slow Food Editore 2007 seh 381 ISBN 9788884991188 Greek speaking people who speak griko a dialect of Greek origin There is a community of producers of cereals vegetables legumes and olives and bread makers who still make a traditional type of bread by hand called sceblasti Elave edebiyyat span Stavroula Pipyrou The Grecanici of Southern Italy Governance Violence and Minority Politics Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 2016 ISBN 978 0 8122 4830 2978 0 8122 4830 2 Xarici kecidler span Enosi Griko Coordination of Grecia Salentina Associations Mi mu cuddise pedimmo Don t reproach me my son a song in the Griko language performed by a local Franco st Anguria Lo Schiacuddhi Two plays performed in the local Greek dialect of Choriana Corigliano d Otranto Andra mou paei a famous Griko song by Franco Corliano about immigration with modern Greek translation performed by The full title of the song is O Klama jineka u emigrantu Lament of the emigrant s wife but commonly the title is shortened to Klama and it s widely known as Andramu pai My husband goes away Paleariza 2009 Bova Grico di CalabriaVideolar span Documentary on the Griko community of Salento in Greek and Italian Kalos Irtate Sti Grecia Salentina Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Documentary on the Griko Community of Calabria Subtitles in Greek and Italian 60mns Viaggio nella Calabria Greca Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 Part 7 Part 8 Kateqoriya Italiyada yasayan etnik qruplar